Bahasa-bahasa Sino-Tibet

Bahasa Sino-Tibet
Bahasa Sino-Tibet
Bahasa Trans-Himalaya
Taburan; geografi:	Asia Timur, Asia Selatan, Asia Tenggara
Klasifikasi bahasa:	Salah satu daripada keluarga-keluarga bahasa utama di dunia
Bahasa-proto:	Bahasa Sino-Tibet Purba
Pembahagian:	Kira-kira 40 subkumpulan yang telah mantap pembentukannya, dan daripadanya yang paling banyak penutur adalah:; Sinitik (Cina); Lolo-Burma; Tibet; Karen; Bodo–Garo; Kuki-Chin; Meitei; Tamangik; Bai; Jingpho–Luish; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
ISO 639-2 / 5:	sit
Linguasphere:	79- (phylozon)
Glottolog:	sino1245
	Pembahagian kumpulan bahasa-bahasa Sino-Tibet

百度 ”余世有说。

Bahasa-bahasa Sino-Tibet, juga dikenali sebagai keluarga bahasa Sino-Tibet dan bahasa-bahasa Trans-Himalaya dalam beberapa sumber,^[2]^[3] ialah sebuah keluarga bahasa terdiri daripada lebih 400 bahasa yang ditutur di Asia Timur, Asia Tenggara dan sebahagian Asia Selatan. Keluarga ini merupakan keluarga bahasa kedua terbesar selepas bahasa-bahasa Indo-Eropah dari segi bilangan penutur asli.^[4] Bahasa-bahasa Sino-Tibet dengan penutur asli terbanyak ialah bahasa Cina (1.3 bilion penutur), bahasa Burma (33 juta) dan bahasa-bahasa Tibet (8 juta). Bahasa-bahasa lain di bawah keluarga ini dituturkan di pergunungan Himalaya, kawasan massif Asia Tenggara, serta kawasan pinggiran tanah tinggi Tibet. Kebanyakan bahasa-bahasa Sino-Tibet tersebut ditutur oleh masyarakat kecil di kawasan gunung terpencil dan kurang didokumenkan.

Beberapa subkumpulan beraras rendah bahasa-bahasa Sino-Tibet sudah direkonstruksi secara selamat, tetapi rekonstruksi bahasa proto keluarga bahasa ini masih lagi pada tahap awal, maka struktur aras leluhur bahasa Sino-Tibet masih kurang kepastiannya. Walaupun keluarga bahasa ini biasanya terbahagi kepada cabang-cabang Sinitik (seperti bahasa Cina) dan Tibet-Burma, asal usul bersama bahasa-bahasa bukan Sinitik masih tidak dapat ditentusahkan lagi. Walaupun ahli-ahli linguistik Cina secara amnya menambah bahasa-bahasa Kra-Dai dan bahasa-bahasa Hmong-Mien ke dalam keluarga bahasa tersebut, kebanyakan ahli-ahli linguistik yang lain telah mengeluarkan dari pengelasan bawah keluarga bahasa Sino-Tibet sejak 1940-an lagi. Beberapa perkaitan kepada keluarga bahasa yang lain telah dicadangkan, namun tidak satu pun yang diterima secara meluas.

Sejarah

Hubungan genetik antara bahasa-bahasa Cina, Tibet, Burma dan lain-lain telah diperkenalkan pertama kalinya pada awal abad ke-19 dan kini diterima secara meluas. Fokus permulaan pada bahasa-bahasa yang mempunyai tamadun dengan tradisi kesusasteraan yang lama jangka masanya telah diperluas dan memasukkan bahasa-bahasa yang kurang luas dituturkan, dan sebahagiannya baru sahaja mempunyai penulisan manakala sebahagian yang lain langsung tiada tulisan lagi. Namun, rekonstruksi keluarga bahasa ini adalah kurang berkembang berbanding keluarga bahasa yang lain seperti bahasa-bahasa Indo-Eropah atau bahasa-bahasa Austroasiatik. Kerumitan yang dihadapi termasuklah keanekaragaman bahasa-bahasa Sino-Tibet, kekurangan bentuk infleksi pada kebanyakan bahasa, serta kesan-kesan daripada pertembungan bahasa. Tambahan pula, banyak bahasa-bahasa kecil dituturkan di kawasan-kawasan pergunungan yang susah untuk dijejaki, dan kebiasaannya juga merupakan zon penyempadanan yang sensitif.^[5]

Nota

Rujukan

^ Hammarstr?m, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, penyunting (2017). "Sino-Tibetan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^ van Driem (2014), m/s. 16.
^ List, Lai & Starostin (2019), m/s. 1.
^ Handel (2008), m/s. 422.
^ Handel (2008), m/s. 422, 434–436.

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General

Bauman, James (1974), "Pronominal Verb Morphology in Tibeto-Burman" (PDF), Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 1 (1): 108–155.
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Gong, Hwang-cherng (2002), Hàn Zàng yǔ yánjiū lùnwén jí 漢藏語硏究論文集 [Collected papers on Sino-Tibetan linguistics], Taipei: Academia Sinica, ISBN 978-957-671-872-4.
Jacques, Guillaume (2006), "La morphologie du sino-tibétain", La Linguistique Comparative en France Aujourd'hui.
Kuhn, Ernst (1883), über Herkunft und Sprache der transgangetischen V?lker (PDF), Munich: Verlag der K?niglich Bayerischen Akademie.
Starostin, Sergei; Peiros, Ilia (1996), A Comparative Vocabulary of Five Sino-Tibetan Languages, Melbourne University Press, OCLC 53387435.

Pautan luar

James Matisoff, Tibeto-Burman languages and their subgrouping
The Genetic Position of Chinese, by Guillaume Jacques
Sino-Tibetan at the Linguist List MultiTree Project: Genealogical trees attributed to Conrady 1896, Benedict 1942, Shafer 1955, Benedict 1972, Egerod 1991, Matisoff & Namkung 1996, Peiros 1998, Thurgood & LaPolla 2003, and Matisoff 2006. (The tree attributed to Bradley 2007 does not correspond to that article.)

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[Glottolog-1] Hammarstr?m, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, penyunting (2017). "Sino-Tibetan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[FOOTNOTEvan_Driem201416-2] van Driem (2014), m/s. 16.

[FOOTNOTEListLaiStarostin20191-3] List, Lai & Starostin (2019), m/s. 1.

[FOOTNOTEHandel2008422-4] Handel (2008), m/s. 422.

[FOOTNOTEHandel2008422,_434–436-5] Handel (2008), m/s. 422, 434–436.

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