Bahasa Mongol

Sampel
	Sampel teksLogo Wikipedia dalam bahasa Mongolia yang berisi transkripsi "Wikipedia" (atas) ke dalam ortografi masing-masing dan slogan "Ensiklopedia Bebas" (bawah) yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa tersebut.
	Sampel teks lainnya

Bahasa Mongolia
Bahasa Mongolia
монгол (Mongol) ??????
Asli kepada	Mongolia, Republik Rakyat China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Indonesia (Jawa dan Sumatera), Malaysia
Kawasan	Seluruh Mongolia, Buryatia di Russia, Issyk-Kul di Kyrgyzstan, dan provinsi Mongolia Dalam, Liaoning, Jilin, dan Heilongjiang di China
Penutur bahasa	5.7 juta
Keluarga bahasa	Altaik Mongolic -> Eastern -> Oirat-Khalkha -> Khalkha-Buryat
Status rasmi
Bahasa rasmi di	Mongolia, Republik Rakyat Cina (Mongolia Dalam)
Kod bahasa
ISO 639-1	mn
ISO 639-2	mon
ISO 639-3	Pelbagai:; mon – Mongolian (generic); khk – Halh Mongolian; mvf – Peripheral Mongolian
Sampel
Sampel
	Sampel teksLogo Wikipedia dalam bahasa Mongolia yang berisi transkripsi "Wikipedia" (atas) ke dalam ortografi masing-masing dan slogan "Ensiklopedia Bebas" (bawah) yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa tersebut.
	Sampel teks lainnya

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Bahasa Mongolia atau bahasa Mongol (монгол хэл, mongol khel) merupakan bahasa utama di dan juga bahasa rasmi di Mongolia.^[2] Bahasa ini secara rasmi ditulis menggunakan huruf Sirilik. Selain di Mongolia, bahasa ini juga dipertuturkan di Republik Rakyat China (di wilayah Mongolia Dalam), Rusia dan Kyrgyzstan.^[3] Majoriti penutur di Mongolia menuturkan dialek Khalkha (atau Halh), sementara mereka yang di China menuturkan kelompok dialek Chahar, Oyirad, dan Barghu-Buryat. Jumlah penuturnya mencapai hampir 6 juta orang.

Tulisan

Pelbagai sistem tulisan telah diguna pakai oleh penutur bahasa Mongolia sepanjang sejarah. Kini, dua sistem tulisan lazim digunakan, tulisan Mongolia tradisional dan abjad Cyril. Masyarakat Mongol di China masih menggunakan tulisan tradisional manakala Mongolia menggunakan tulisan Cyril sejak zaman Soviet. Kerajaan Mongolia pada Mac 2020 mengumumkan peralihan penggunaan sistem tulisan bahasa kepada tulisan tradisional, dan dokumen-dokumen kerajaan rasmi akan menggunakan kedua-dua sistem tulisan menjelang 2025.^[4]

Rujukan

^ Keberadan rumpun bahasa Altai masih kontroversial.
^ Janhunen, Juha (November 29, 2012). "1". Mongolian. John Benjamins Publishing Company. m/s. 11.
^ Tsung, Linda (October 27, 2014). "3". Language Power and Hierarchy: Multilingual Education in China. Bloomsbury Academic. m/s. 59.
^ Tang, Didi (11 Mac 2020). "Mongolia abandons Soviet past by restoring alphabet". The Times (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 15 Jun 2020.

Bibliografi

For some Mongolian authors, the Mongolian version of their name is also given in square brackets, e.g., "Harnud [K?ke]". K?ke is the author's native name. It is a practice common among Mongolian scholars, for purposes of publishing and being cited abroad, to adopt a surname based on one's patronymic, in this example "Harnud"; compare Mongolian name.
Some library catalogs write Chinese language titles with each syllable separate, even syllables belonging to a single word.

Senarai singkatan yang digunakan

TULIP is in official use by some librarians; the remainder have been contrived for this listing.

Journals

KULIP Kyūshū daigaku gengogaku ronshū [Kyushu University linguistics papers]
MKDKH Muroran kōgyō daigaku kenkyū hōkoku [Memoirs of the Muroran Institute of Technology]
TULIP Tōkyō daigaku gengogaku ronshū [Tokyo University linguistics papers]

Publishers

?MAKQ ?bür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a [Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House]
?MSKKQ ?bür mongγul-un surγan kümü?il-ün keblel-ün qoriy-a [Inner Mongolia Education Press]
?MYSKQ ?bür mongγul-un yeke surγaγuli-yin keblel-ün qoriy-a [Inner Mongolia University Press]
?UA [Mongol Ulsyn] ?in?leh Uhaany Akademi [Mongolian Academy of Sciences (MAS)]

Templat:Mn icon Amar?argal, B. 1988. BNMAU dah' Mongol helnij nutgijn ajalguuny tol' bichig: halh ajalguu. Ulaanbaatar: ?UA.
Apatóczky, ákos Bertalan. 2005. On the problem of the subject markers of the Mongolian language. In Wú Xīnyīng, Chén Gānglóng (eds.), Miànxiàng xīn shìjìde ménggǔxué [The Mongolian studies in the new century : review and prospect]. Běijīng: Mínzú Chūbǎnshè. 334–343. ISBN 7-105-07208-3.
(Jepun) Ashimura, Takashi. 2002. Mongorugo jarōto gengo no -l?? no yōhō ni tsuite. TULIP, 21: 147–200.
Templat:Mn icon Bajansan, ?. and ?. Odont?r. 1995. Hel ?in?lelijn ner tom"joony züjl?ilsen tajlbar toli. Ulaanbaatar.
Templat:Mn icon Bayan?oγtu. 2002. Qor?in aman ayalγun-u sudulul. K?keqota: ?MYSKQ. ISBN 7-81074-391-0.
Templat:Mn icon Bjambasan, P. 2001. Mongol helnij ügüjsgeh har'caa ilerhijleh hereglüürüüd. Mongol hel, sojolijn surguul: Erdem ?in?ilgeenij bi?ig, 18: 9–20.
Bosson, James E. 1964. Modern Mongolian; a primer and reader. Uralic and Altaic series; 38. Bloomington: Indiana University.
Brosig, Benjamin. 2009. Depictives and resultatives in Modern Khalkh Mongolian. Hokkaidō gengo bunka kenkyū, 7: 71–101.
Chuluu, Ujiyediin. 1998. Studies on Mongolian verb morphology. Dissertation, University of Toronto.
Templat:Mn icon ?inggeltei. 1999. Odu üj-e-jin mongγul kelen-ü ?üi. K?keqota: ?MAKQ. ISBN 7-204-04593-9.
Templat:Mn icon Coloo, ?. 1988. BNMAU dah' mongol helnij nutgijn ajalguuny tol' bichig: ojrd ajalguu. Ulaanbaatar: ?UA.
(Inggeris) Djahukyan, Gevork. (1991). Armenian Lexicography. In Franz Josef Hausmann (Ed.), An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography (pp. 2367–2371). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
(Cina) [Dobu] Dàobù. 1983. Ménggǔyǔ jiǎnzhì. Běijīng: Mínzú.
Templat:Mn icon Garudi. 2002. Dumdadu üy-e-yin mongγul kelen-ü bütü?e-yin kelberi-yin sudulul. K?keqota: ?MAKQ.
Georg, Stefan, Peter A. Michalove, Alexis Manaster Ramer, Paul J. Sidwell. 1999. Telling general linguists about Altaic. Journal of Linguistics, 35: 65–98.
Guntsetseg, D. 2008. Differential Object Marking in Mongolian. Working Papers of the SFB 732 Incremental Specification in Context, 1: 53–69.
Hammar, Lucia B. 1983. Syntactic and pragmatic options in Mongolian – a study of bol and n'. Ph.D. Thesis. Bloomington: Indiana University.
[K?ke] Harnud, Huhe. 2003. A Basic Study of Mongolian Prosody. Helsinki: Publications of the Department of Phonetics, University of Helsinki. Series A; 45. Dissertation. ISBN 952-10-1347-8.
(Jepun) Hashimoto, Kunihiko. 1993. <-san> no imiron. MKDKH, 43: 49–94. Sapporo: Dō daigaku.
(Jepun) Hashimoto, Kunihiko. 2004. Mongorugo no kopyura kōbun no imi no ruikei. Muroran kōdai kiyō, 54: 91–100.
Janhunen, Juha (ed.). 2003. The Mongolic languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0700711333
Janhunen, Juha. 2003a. Written Mongol. In Janhunen 2003: 30–56.
Janhunen, Juha. 2003b. Para-Mongolic. In Janhunen 2003: 391–402.
Janhunen, Juha. 2003c. Proto-Mongolic. In Janhunen 2003: 1–29.
Janhunen, Juha. 2003d. Mongol dialects. In Janhunen 2003: 177–191.
Janhunen, Juha. 2006. Mongolic languages. In K. Brown (ed.), The encyclopedia of language & linguistics. Amsterdam: Elsevier: 231–234.
Johanson, Lars. 1995. On Turkic Converb Clauses. In Martin Haspelmath and Ekkehard K?nig (eds.), Converbs in cross-linguistic perspective. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter: 313–347. ISBN 978-3-11-014357-7.
(Korea) Kang, Sin Hyen. 2000. Tay.mong.kol.e chem.sa ?-uy uy.mi.wa ki.nung. Monggolhak [Mongolian Studies], 10: 1–23. Seoul: Han?guk Monggol Hakhoe [Korean Association for Mongolian Studies].
Karlsson, Anastasia Mukhanova. 2005. Rhythm and intonation in Halh Mongolian. Ph.D. Thesis. Lund: Lund University. Series: Travaux de l'Institut de Linguistique de Lund; 46. Lund: Lund University. ISBN 91-974116-9-8.
Ko, Seongyeon. 2011. Vowel Contrast and Vowel Harmony Shift in the Mongolic Languages. Language Research, 47.1: 23–43.
Templat:Mn icon Luvsanvandan, ?. 1959. Mongol hel ajalguuny u?ir. Studia Mongolica [Mongolyn sudlal], 1.
Templat:Mn icon Luvsanvandan, ?. (ed.). 1987. (Authors: P. Bjambasan, C. ?n?rbajan, B. Pürev-O?ir, ?. San?aa, C. ?an?ivdor?) Or?in cagijn mongol helnij ügzüjn bajguulalt. Ulaanbaatar: Ardyn bolovsrolyn jaamny surah bi?ig, setgüülijn negdsen rjedakcijn gazar.
(Jepun) Matsuoka, Yūta. 2007. Gendai mongorugo no asupekuto to dōshi no genkaisei. KULIP, 28: 39–68.
(Jepun) Mizuno, Masanori. 1995. Gendai mongorugo no jūzokusetsushugo ni okeru kakusentaku. TULIP, 14: 667–680.
Templat:Mn icon M?nh-Amgalan, J. 1998. Or?in tsagijn mongol helnij bajm?ijn aj. Ulaanbaatar: Moncame. ISBN 99929-951-2-2.
Templat:Mn icon Nadmid, ?. 1967. Mongol hel, tüünij bi?gijn tüühen h?g?lijn tov? tojm. Ulaanbaatar: ?UA.
Templat:Mn icon Nor?in et al. (eds.) 1999. Mongγol kelen-ü toli. K?keqota: ?MAKQ. ISBN 7-204-03423-6.
Okada, Hidehiro. 1984. Mongol chronicles and Chinggisid genealogies. Journal of Asian and African studies, 27: 147–154.
Templat:Mn icon ?bür mongγul-un yeke surγaγuli. 2005 [1964]. Odu üy-e-yin mongγul kele. K?keqota: ?MAKQ. ISBN 7-204-07631-1.
Poppe, Nicholas. 1955. Introduction to Mongolian comparative studies. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian Society.
Poppe, Nicholas. 1970. Mongolian language handbook. Washington D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Templat:Mn icon Pürev-O?ir, B. 1997. Or?in cagijn mongol helnij ?güülberzüj. Ulaanbaatar: n.a.
Rachewiltz, Igor de. 1976. Some Remarks on the Stele of Yisuüngge. In Walter Heissig et al., Tractata Altaica – Denis Sinor, sexagenario optime de rebus altaicis merito dedicata. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 487–508.
Rachewiltz, Igor de. 1999. Some reflections on so-called Written Mongolian. In: Helmut Eimer, Michael Hahn, Maria Schetelich, Peter Wyzlic (eds.). Studia Tibetica et Mongolica – Festschrift Manfred Taube. Swisttal-Odendorf: Indica et Tibetica Verlag: 235–246.
Templat:Mn icon Rinchen, Byambyn (ed.). 1979. Mongol ard ulsyn ugsaatny sudlal helnij ?in?lelijn atlas. Ulaanbaatar: ?UA.
Rybatzki, Volker. 2003a. Intra-Mongolic Taxonomy. In Janhunen 2003: 364–390.
Rybatzki, Volker. 2003b. Middle Mongol. In Janhunen 2003: 47–82.
Templat:Mn icon Sajto, Kosüke. 1999. Or?in ?agyn mongol helnij "ner?sen" temdeg nerijn onclog (temdeglel). Mongol ulsyn ih surguulijn Mongol sudlalyn surguul' Erdem ?in?ilgeenij bi?ig XV bot', 13: 95–111.
Templat:Mn icon San?aa, ?. and D. Tujaa. 2001. Darhad ajalguuny urt eg?gijg avialbaryn t?v?ind sudalsan n'. Mongol hel ?in?lel, 4: 33–50.
(Rusia) San?eev, G. D. 1953. Sravnitel'naja grammatika mongol'skih jazykov. Moskva: Akademija Nauk USSR.
Templat:Mn icon Se?en. 2004. Odu üy-e-yin mongγul bi?ig-ün kelen-ü üge bütügekü daγaburi-yin sudulul. K?keqota: ?MASKKQ. ISBN 7-5311-4963-X.
Sechenbaatar [Se?enbaγatur], Borjigin. 2003. The Chakhar dialect of Mongol: a morphological description. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian society. ISBN 952-5150-68-2.
Templat:Mn icon Se?enbaγatur, Qasgerel, Tuyaγ-a [Туяa], Bu. Jirannige, Wu Yingzhe, ?inggeltei. 2005. Mongγul kelen-ü nutuγ-un ayalγun-u sin?ilel-ün uduridqal [A guide to the regional dialects of Mongolian]. K?keqota: ?MAKQ. ISBN 7-204-07621-4.
Templat:Cn icon Siqinchaoketu [=Se?en?oγtu]. 1999). Kangjiayu yanjiu. Shanghai: Shanghai Yuandong Chubanshe.
Slater, Keith. 2003. A grammar of Mangghuer. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 978-0-7007-1471-1.
Starostin, Sergei A., Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak. 2003. Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages, 3 volumes. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13153-1.
Street, John C. 1957. The language of the Secret History of the Mongols. New Haven: American Oriental Society. American Oriental series; 42.
Street, John C. 2008. Middle Mongolian Past-tense -BA in the Secret History. Journal of the American Oriental Society 128 (3): 399–422.
Svantesson, Jan-Olof. 2003. Khalkha. In Janhunen 2003: 154–176.
Svantesson, Jan-Olof, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlsson, Vivan Franzén. 2005. The Phonology of Mongolian. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-926017-6.
Templat:Mn icon Temürcereng, J?. 2004. Mongγul kelen-ü üge-yin sang-un sudulul. K?keqota: ?MASKKQ. ISBN 7-5311-5893-0.
Templat:Mn icon Toγtambayar, L. 2006. Mongγul kelen-ü kele ?üi?igsen yabu?a-yin tuqai sudulul. Liyuuning-un ündüsüten-ü keblel-ün qoriy-a. ISBN 7-80722-206-9.
Templat:Mn icon T?m?rtogoo, D. 1992. Mongol helnij tüühen helzüj. Ulaanbaatar.
Templat:Mn icon T?m?rtogoo, D. 2002. Mongol d?rv?l?in üsegijn durashalyn sudalgaa. Ulaanbaatar: IAMS. ISBN 92025-08-14-0.
Templat:Mn icon Tsedendamba, Ts., Sürengijn M??m?? (eds.). 1997. Or?in cagijn mongol hel. Ulaanbaatar.
Tserenpil, D. and R. Kullmann. 2005. Mongolian grammar. Ulaanbaatar: Admon. ISBN 99929-0-445-3.
Templat:Mn icon Tümen?e?eg. 1990. Dumdadu ?aγun-u mongγul kelen-ü toγa?in ?gülekü t?lüb-ün kelberi-nügüd ba tegün-ü ularil k?g?il. ?bür mongγul-un yeke surγaγuli, 3: 102–120.
Vovin, Alexander (2005). "The end of the Altaic controversy (review of Starostin et al. 2003)". Central Asiatic Journal. 49 (1): 71–132. Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= dan |laysummary= (bantuan)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Walker, Rachel. 1997. Mongolian stress, licensing, and factorial typology. Rutgers Optimality Archive, ROA-172.
(Jerman) Weiers, Michael. 1969. Untersuchungen zu einer historischen Grammatik des pr?klassischen Schriftmongolisch. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. Asiatische Forschungen, 28. (Revision of 1966 dissertation submitted to the Universit?t Bonn.)
Yu, Wonsoo. 1991. A study of Mongolian negation. Ph. D. Thesis. Bloomington: Indiana University.

Bacaan lanjut

Janhunen, Juha A. 2012: Mongolian. (London Oriental and African Language Library, 19.) Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISSN 1382-3485. ISBN 978-90-272-3820-7

Pautan luar

Rencana berkaitan bahasa ini ialah rencana tunas. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[1] Keberadan rumpun bahasa Altai masih kontroversial.

[Mongolian-2] Janhunen, Juha (November 29, 2012). "1". Mongolian. John Benjamins Publishing Company. m/s. 11.

[3] Tsung, Linda (October 27, 2014). "3". Language Power and Hierarchy: Multilingual Education in China. Bloomsbury Academic. m/s. 59.

[4] Tang, Didi (11 Mac 2020). "Mongolia abandons Soviet past by restoring alphabet". The Times (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 15 Jun 2020.

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